A RIGID RESTRAINT PROVIDING SUBSTANTIALLY FULL FIXATION, IDEALLY NOT ALLOWING TRANSLATIONAL OR ROTATIONAL DISPLACEMENT OF THE PIPE ALONG ANY OF THE THREE REFERENCE AXES. IT IS EMPLOYED FOR PURPOSES OF RESTRAINT BUT USUALLY SERVES EQUALLY WELL AS A RESTRAINT, SUPPORT, OR BRACE.
STEEL WITH DISTINCTIVE PROPERTIES MINIMUM COMPONENT (SILICON 0.6, COPPER 0.6, MANGANESE 1.65)
Martensitic transformation, more commonly known as quenching and tempering, is a hardening mechanism specific for steel. The steel must be heated to a temperature where the iron phase changes from ferrite into austenite, i.e. changes crystal structure from BCC (body-centered cubic) to FCC (face-centered cubic) then “quenched” (rapidly cooled), often in oil or water
is a tee or any fitting with a branch used in pipelines that is pigged and has a restriction bar welded internally preventing the pig from traveling down a branch connection