| Island Mode | Means the there is outage of some areas in the plant but the main areas … | Definitions |
| Kv coefficient | Tells how much water the valve can pass when it is fully open with pressure … | Definitions, Design |
| Cv coefficient | Tells how much water the valve can pass when it is fully open with pressure … | Definitions, Design |
| Stress Analysis Calculations for pipeline | How to Perform Stress Analysis Manually per ASME B31.3 (Without Software) Step-by-step, fully code-compliant method … | Calculations |
| Stress Analysis Calculations for Pipelines | How to Perform Stress Analysis Calculations for Pipelines Stress analysis ensures the pipeline is safe … | Articles |
| Pressure Surge Calculations | How to Perform Pressure Surge (Water Hammer) Calculation in a Piping Network Pressure surge (or … | Calculations |
| Pressure drop calculations | Pressure drop calculations based on ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) standards are essential in … | Calculations |
| Note#116 | GRE piping have a good resistance to chlorine but GRP piping not resist it | Notes |
| Note# 124 | GRE pipe stands for Glass Reinforced Epoxy pipe, which is a composite material made from high-strength … | Notes |
| Note# 123 | GRP pipes are high-performance pipes made from Glass Reinforced Polymer (also called Glass Reinforced Plastic), which … | Notes |
| Pressure Drop Calculations | To illustrate pressure drop calculations based on ASME standards and display the equations as images, … | Calculations |
| Note#122 | Thermal relief valve should be set to pressure less than design pressure and higher than … | Design, Notes |
| Note#121 | Sized surge tank (open or bladder type) is objectively safer and more reliable than a … | Notes |
| Note#120 | The surge anticipator valve (also called surge anticipation valve or pressure-anticipator relief valve) is a … | Notes |
| Note#119 | Water Hammer Prevention Methods Slow-closing valves (especially quarter-turn ball/butterfly valves → use slow actuators) Surge … | Notes |
| Water Hammer Pressure Increase | Maximum Theoretical Pressure Rise (Joukowsky Equation) ΔP = ρ × a × Δv Where: ΔP … | Calculations |
| Note#118 | Common Causes of Water Hammer Sudden closure of a valve (manual, solenoid, or check valve … | Notes |
| Water Hammer | Water hammer (also known as fluid hammer, hydraulic shock, or surge) is a pressure surge … | Definitions |
| YIELD STRENGTH | MINIMUM STRESS WHICH PRODUCE PERMANENT PLASTIC DEFORMATION | Definitions |
| WRINKLE | A DEVIATION OF THE PIPEWALL FROM THE IDEAL CONTOUR OF MORE THAN 15% OF THE … | Definitions |
| WATER QUENCHING | RAPID REDUCTION OF METAL TEMPERATURE AFTER A HOT FORMING PROCESS BY USING WATER. | Definitions |
| UNIQUE RATING | SPECIFIC RATE FOR FLANGES WHICH EXCEED CLASS 2500 ASME B16.5 | Definitions |
| UNION | A PIPE CONNECTOR THAT IS MADE OF TWO MATING PIECES, ONE FOR EACH END OF … | Definitions |
| TWO-AXIS STOP | A DEVICE WHICH PREVENTS TRANSLATIONAL MOVEMENT IN ONE DIRECTION ALONG EACH OF TWO AXES. A … | Definitions |
| STRENGTH | MEASURE OF RESISTANCE TO DEFORMATION, STRENGTH IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO TOUGHNESS | Definitions |
| STEEL RELIEVING (PWHT) | POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT USED TO RELIVE THE TRAPPED ELASTIC STRESS | Definitions |
| SPIRAL-WOUND GASKET | A GASKET TYPE FORMED BY ALTERNATELY WINDING STRIPS OF METAL AND SOFT FILLER MATERIAL AROUND … | Definitions |
| SOCKET-WELD | A PIPE ATTACHMENT DETAIL IN WHICH A PIPE IS INSERTED INTO A RECESSED AREA OF … | Definitions |
| SUPPORT | A DEVICE USED TO SUSTAIN A PORTION OF PIPING SYSTEM WEIGHT PLUS ANY SUPERIMPOSED VERTICAL … | Definitions |
| STOP | A DEVICE WHICH PERMITS ROTATION BUT PREVENTS TRANSLATIONAL MOVEMENT IN AT LEAST ONE DIRECTION ALONG … | Definitions |
| SLAG | A NONMETALLIC BLANKET THAT FORMS ON THE TOP OF THE MOLTEN WELD METAL. IT HELPS … | Definitions |
| ROOT PASS | THE FIRST WELD BEAD MADE. | Definitions |
| RIGID (SOLID) SUPPORT | A SUPPORT PROVIDING STIFFNESS IN AT LEAST ONE DIRECTION THAT IS COMPARABLE TO THAT OF … | Definitions |
| RESTRAINT | ANY DEVICE WHICH PREVENTS, RESISTS, OR LIMITS THE FREE THERMAL MOVEMENT OF PIPING. | Definitions |
| RESTING OR SLIDING SUPPORT | A DEVICE FOR PROVIDING SUPPORT FROM BENEATH THE PIPING, BUT OFFERING NO RESISTANCE OTHER THAN … | Definitions |
| RESILIENT OR FLEXIBLE SUPPORT | A SUPPORT WHICH INCLUDES ONE OR MORE LARGELY ELASTIC MEMBERS (I.E., A SPRING). | Definitions |
| RADIOGRAPHY | THE USE OF RADIANT ENERGY IN THE FORM OF NEUTRONS, X-RAYS OR GAMMA RAYS FOR … | Definitions |
| PRE-HEATING | USED TO CONTROL THE FORMATION OF H2 CRACKS | Definitions |
| PIPE JOINT | THIS WORD HAS TWO MEANINGS DEPENDING ON THE CONTEXT. (A) THE INTERFACE BETWEEN TWO COMPONENTS, … | Definitions |
| PIPE | IS A TUBE WITH A ROUND CROSS SECTION CONFORMING TO THE DIMENSIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR NOMINAL … | Definitions |
| LIMIT STOP | A DEVICE WHICH RESTRICTS TRANSLATIONAL MOVEMENT TO A LIMITED AMOUNT IN ONE DIRECTION ALONG ANY … | Definitions |
| HANGER | A SUPPORT BY WHICH PIPING IS SUSPENDED FROM A STRUCTURE OR OTHER FIXED POINT LOCATED … | Definitions |
| GUIDE | A DEVICE PREVENTING ROTATION ABOUT ONE OR MORE AXES DUE TO BENDING MOMENT OR TORSION. … | Definitions |
| EXPANSION JOINT | A FLEXIBLE PRESSURE-CONTAINING COMPONENT OF A PIPING SYSTEM WHICH IS DESIGNED TO ABSORB THERMAL MOVEMENT. | Definitions |
| DAMPING DEVICE | A DASHPOT OR OTHER FRICTIONAL DEVICE WHICH INCREASES THE RESISTANCE OF A SYSTEM TO VIBRATION. … | Definitions |
| CONSTANT-EFFORT SUPPORT | A SUPPORT WHICH IS CAPABLE OF APPLYING A RELATIVELY CONSTANT FORCE AT ANY DISPLACEMENT WITHIN … | Definitions |
| COLD SPRING | THE INTENTIONAL STRESSING AND ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF THE PIPING SYSTEM DURING THE ERECTION CYCLE TO … | Definitions |
| BRACE | A DEVICE PRIMARILY INTENDED TO RESIST PIPING DISPLACEMENT DUE TO THE ACTION OF ANY FORCES … | Definitions |
| BOLT TENSIONER | A MECHANICAL DEVICE USED TO TIGHTEN BOLTS BY APPLYING A UNIFORM, CALIBRATED LOAD. IT ATTACHES … | Definitions |
| BACKING RING | A RELATIVELY NARROW, CIRCULAR SECTION PLACED IN BACK OF A BUTTWELDED JOINT PRIOR TO MAKING … | Definitions |
| ARC CUTTING | USE OF AN ELECTRIC ARC GENERATED AT THE TIP OF A WELDING ELECTRODE TO CUT … | Definitions |
| TOUGHNESS | THE RESISTANCE TO FAILURE OR CRACK | Definitions |
| DUCTILITY | MEASURE OF HOW MUCH DEFORMATION BEFORE BREAK (TENSILE TEST) | Definitions |
| ANNEALING | USED TO MAKE STEEL SOFT & DUCTILE BY HEATING A METAL TO TEMPERATURE ABOVE CRITICAL … | Definitions |
| Anchor | A RIGID RESTRAINT PROVIDING SUBSTANTIALLY FULL FIXATION, IDEALLY NOT ALLOWING TRANSLATIONAL OR ROTATIONAL DISPLACEMENT OF … | Definitions |
| Alloy Steel | STEEL WITH DISTINCTIVE PROPERTIES MINIMUM COMPONENT (SILICON 0.6, COPPER 0.6, MANGANESE 1.65) | Definitions |
| Welding Procedure | Based on ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) standards which involves outlining the necessary steps … | Procedure |
| Painting Procedure | Based on ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) guidelines involves a systematic approach to ensure … | Procedure |
| Pipe Wall Thickness Calculations | Calculating the wall thickness of a pipe is essential for ensuring the structural integrity and … | Calculations, Design |
| Pressure Drop Calculations | Calculating pressure drop in piping systems is a crucial aspect of engineering design. It helps … | Calculations, Design |
| AIR HARDENED STEEL | steel that undergoes the process of using air as a quenchant | Definitions |
| ADHESIVE JOINT | JOINT MADE IN PLASTIC (UPVC) | Definitions |
| ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY | MEASURE OF INTERNAL RESISTANCE (POISE) P OR SLUGS PER FOOT/SEC | Definitions |
| CLASS RATE | IS INDICATION FOR PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE RATE FOR THE MATERIAL | Definitions |
| DUAL RATING | USED IF THE PIPE AFFECTED BY HIGH & LOW PRESSURE MAY BE INTERNAL & EXTERNAL | Definitions |
| FIELD RUN | WELDING PIPE TO PIPE OF SAME SIZE WITHOUT FITTING | Definitions |
| HARDNESS | IS THE RESISTANCE TO SCRATCH OR PERMANENT DEFORMATION | Definitions |
| HARDENING | Martensitic transformation, more commonly known as quenching and tempering, is a hardening mechanism specific for … | Definitions |
| NORMALIZING | USED TO MAKE STEEL TOUGHER & STRONGER | Definitions |
| Barred Tee (pigged tee) | is a tee or any fitting with a branch used in pipelines that is pigged … | Definitions |
| TEMPERING | USED TO REBALANCE THE PROPERTIES OF THERMALLY HARDENED STEEL | Definitions |
| Pipeline pigging | Pipeline pigging services are essential for maintaining the integrity and efficiency of various pipeline systems … | Articles |
| Valves that are not classified as full bore | Valves that are not classified as full bore typically have a smaller internal diameter than … | Articles |
| Hot Taps Calculations | Hot tapping is a technique used to create a connection to an existing pressurized pipe … | Calculations, Design |
| Complex Piping Design Analysis | Conducting a complex piping design analysis involves multiple steps that encompass planning, modeling, analysis, and … | Articles, Design |
| Simple Piping Design Analysis | A simple piping design analysis involves several key steps to ensure the safety and efficiency … | Design |
| Types of Ball Valves | Ball valves are quarter-turn valves that use a hollow, perforated, and pivoting ball to control … | Articles |
| Note#114 | For fixed orifice double regulating valves, a minimum of 5 pipe diameters of straight pipe … | Notes |
| Note#113 | Minimum corrosion allowance for stainless steels is 0.8 mmMinimum corrosion allowance of 1.5 mm shall … | Notes |
| Piping Material Selection | The piping material selection process is a critical step in the design of any piping … | Articles |
| Valves Selection | To select a valve, follow these steps while considering the service conditions, valve functions, and … | Articles |
| Types of Gate valves | Gate valves are classified based on the type of disc, body-bonnet joint, and stem movement … | Articles |
| Procedure for piping material receiving inspection based on ASME B31.3 | I. Purpose To ensure that all piping materials received at the job site conform … | Procedure |
| Basic procedure for conducting piping pressure tests based on ASME B31.3 | I. Purpose To verify the integrity and leak-tightness of the constructed piping system before it … | Procedure |
| Globe Valves | Globe Valve Types based on Body Bonnet Connection Screwed bonnet: This is the simplest design … | Articles |
| Types of Globe Valve | Depending on the type of body there are three types of globe valves; Z types … | Articles |
| Note#112 | CF8 vs CF8M, CF8M contains 2% to 3% molybdenum that CF8 does not have | Notes |
| Note#111 | Stainless steels may be classified by their crystalline structure into four main types: austenitic, ferritic, … | Notes |
| Note#110 | Difference between 304 and 316 stainless steel?The simple answer is 304 contains 18% chromium and … | Notes |
| Note#109 | Stress Analysis Permissible load variation is determined as the ratio of (Travel x Spring rate … | Notes |
| Note#108 | Strainers If the application requires that the system has to run continuously and cannot be … | Notes |
| Note#107 | For Cold Service Bolting torque to develop 70% Bolt Yield Stress at Nut Factor, K=0.16 … | Notes |
| Note#106 | Bolting torque to develop 50% Bolt Yield Stress at Nut Factor, K=0.16 (Nut Factor based … | Notes |
| Note#105 | if the vessel is protected by multiple relief devices, then one relief device must be … | Notes |
| Note#104 | Pump Shut off Pressure must be less than design pressure | Notes |
| Note#103 | Centrifugal Pumps not need PSV, But Positive displacement pump may need PSV | Notes |
| Note#102 | Relief Valves – The required relief area for two-phase flow is typically two to ten times … | Notes |
| Note#101 | High pressure may result from the failure of a control valve, a reaction that is … | Notes |
| Note#100 | by increase the flange class inner diameter and diameter of the raised face at all … | Notes |
| ASTM Material Groups | ASTM Group 2-1.1 Materials ASTM Group 2-2.3 MaterialsNominalForgingsCastingsPlates NominalForgingsCastingsPlatesDesignation DesignationC-SiA105(1)A216A515 16Cr 12Ni 2MoA182…A240Gr.WCB(1)Gr.70(1) Gr.F316LGr.316LC Mn SiA350…A516 18Cr 13Ni 3MoA182……Gr.LF2(1)Gr.70(1),(2) Gr.F317LC Mn Si VA350…A537 18Cr 8NiA182…A240Gr.LF6 Cl 1(3)Cl.1(4) Gr.F304L(1)Gr.304L(1)3.1/2NiA350…… Gr.LF3 Notes: Note: (1) Do not use over 425°C.(1) Upon … | Tables |
| Flange Rating | Pressure-Temperature Ratings for ASTM Group 2-1.1 Materials Working pressure by Classes, BAR Temp °C 150 300 … | Tables |
| Note#99 | Flanges can withstand different pressures at different temperatures. As temperature increases, the pressure rating of … | Notes |
| Note#98 | Slug Flow is typical two phase flow where a wave is picked up periodically by … | Notes |
| Note#97 | Data required for flexibility calculations 1. Code of Practice 2. Basic Material of Construction of … | Notes |
| Note#96 | Types of fluid service according to B31.3 (a) Category D Fluid Service: a fluid service … | Notes |
| Note#95 | Pressure gauge normally indicates the difference between the measured pressure (absolute pressure) and atmospheric pressure. | Notes |
| Note#94 | On the long term negative effects of rusting on steel valves will reduce the structural … | Notes |
| Note#93 | For constant flow-rate, when the velocity increase the flow cross section decrease | Notes |
| Note#92 | Zinc, aluminum and magnesium are more electronegative than steel they are increasingly able to supply … | Notes |
| Note#91 | Cathodic protection may be achieved in either of two ways. By the use of an … | Notes |
| Gasket Selection (based on ASME) | 1. Identify Application Requirements Service Conditions: Determine the operating temperature, pressure, and medium (e.g., gas, … | Articles |
| Note#90 | You can protect piping which in contact with the ground or routinely contains fuel by … | Notes |
| Note#89 | The fluid flow velocities in water systems should not exceed certain limits to avoid noise … | Notes |
| Note#88 | For submarine pipeline systems default corrosion allowance = 10 mm | Notes |
| Note#87 | For carbon steel piping, default corrosion allowance = 3 mm | Notes |
| Note#86 | A gas system is defined wet when the relative humidity exceeds 50 %. | Notes |
| Note#85 | Bolt torque tables should be obtained from the manufacture of gaskets | Notes |
| Note#84 | Rating is maximum allowable operating pressure | Notes |
| Note#83 | Corrosion resistance of stainless steel due to minimum 30% chromium in its content | Notes |
| Note#82 | Anchor flange fitting is used to prevent axial movements of pipeline | Notes |
| Note#81 | Welding repair percentage in RT reports equal or less than 3% | Notes |
| Note#80 | A maximum variability factor of 25% has been established by MSS to limit the load … | Notes |
| Note#79 | Travel stops are installed in all constant spring support before shipping. These must be present … | Notes |
| Note#78 | Hydrazine is used within both nuclear and conventional electrical power plant steam cycles to control … | Notes |
| Note#77 | Holiday Detector provides accurate detection of pinholes, flaws, inclusions, thin spots and bubbles in a … | Notes |
| Note#76 | The standard manufacturing thicknesses for spiral wound gaskets are 3.2, 4.5 & 6.5 (measured across … | Notes |
| Note#75 | CF8M equivalent to Grade 316, has a maximum of 0.08% carbon | Notes |
| Note#74 | Flange face finish identify specific roughness to ensure that this surface be compatible with the … | Notes |
| Note#73 | Forged fittings have higher pressure rates than casting or malleable fittings | Notes |
| Note#72 | Caps used with liquid, blind flanges used with gas | Notes |
| Note#71 | For all gas lines, take the branches from the top of the pipe to avoid … | Notes |
| Note#70 | When standard elbow is trimmed the trimmed end will not be a circle. it will … | Notes |
| Note#69 | Mill Test Report or MTR is documentation from a testing facility that usually shows the … | Notes |
| Note#68 | Phosphorus has four major effects on iron: increased hardness and strength, lower solidus temperature, increased … | Notes |
| Note#67 | A106 replace the A53, but not vice versa | Notes |
| Note#66 | Carbon steel A53 used in straight run pipe but A106 used in short spools | Notes |
| Note#65 | Threaded & sockolet fitting ASME B16.11, Butt weld fitting ASME B16.9 | Notes |
| Note#64 | The raised face flange provide a relatively large contact area. Where metal gaskets are used … | Notes |
| Note#63 | Flange raised face thickness 1/16″ | Notes |
| Note#62 | Slip on flange welding dia. inch = 1.4 weld neck flange welding dia. inch | Notes |
| Note#61 | Usually large bore piping connection is butt weld | Notes |
| Note#60 | Usually small bore piping connections are socket weld or threaded | Notes |
| Weight of pipe filled with water | Weight of water in pipes filled with water can be calculated as ww = 0.3405 di 2 … | Design |
| Density Converting Table | | Tables |
| Empty pipe weight | Weight of Empty Steel Pipes Weight of empty steel pipes can be calculated in imperial … | Design |
| Pipe cross-sectional area | Cross Sectional Area Cross-sectional Area of a Steel Pipe can be calculated as A = … | Design |
| Screw Thread Series | Coarse Thread Series, UNC/UNRC: The coarse thread series UNC/UNRC is the most commonly used thread system … | Articles |
| Note#59 | Large bore piping divided to 3 typesa- standard schedule(thickness 4.75mm to 9.53mm)b- high schedule(thickness 9.54mm … | Notes |
| Note#58 | Types of branches (TEE, OLET, Pipe to pipe (reinforcement pad)) | Notes |
| Note#57 | Types of connections (Butt weld, Socket weld, Screw joint, Bolted flange & Coupling) | Notes |
| Note#56 | Stainless piping used with dry air, galvanized piping used with compressed air | Notes |
| Note#55 | Post weld heat treatment used to relive the trapped elastic stress | Notes |
| Note#54 | Pre-heating: used to control the formation of H2 cracks | Notes |
| Note#53 | Humidity of fluxes may result porosity or cracking | Notes |
| Note#52 | Argon heavier than air but helium lighter than air | Notes |
| Note#51 | Low electrical conductivity mean greater resistance for heating | Notes |
| Note#50 | Blank flange is flange not drilled | Notes |
| Note#49 | Cast iron is kind of alloy | Notes |
| Note#48 | Blind flange is the dead end | Notes |
| Note#47 | The schedule affect the internal diameter of pipe only | Notes |
| Note#46 | Bolted joints used in these cases components can’t be service inline, not capable of being … | Notes |
| Note#45 | The primary ASME standards for piping dimensions are: ASME B36.10M: For wrought steel pipe. ASME … | Notes |
| Note#44 | Thread sealants = pipe dope to ensure a leak tight joint (zinc, nickel & oil) | Notes |
| Note#43 | Threaded joints used in low pressure small bore & non flammable service | Notes |
| Note#42 | Valve sizing according to (Pressure drop, Flow rate, Diameter & Usage) | Notes |
| Note#41 | Valve selection according to (Function, Pressure drop, Work temperature, Closing time, Type of joint, Seat … | Notes |
| Note#40 | Strainers used to protect equipment sensitive from dirt or other particles carried by fluid | Notes |
| Basic Hydrotest requirements | 1- Filling pump (high flow rate ) 2- Pressure Pump (high head) 3- Manual pump … | Articles |
| Note#39 | Design pressure safe for short occasional or short operating periods if higher than design pressure … | Notes |
| Note#38 | Maximum sustained pressure + occasional pressure + transient pressure less or equal design pressure by … | Notes |
| Note#37 | Design Pressure & temperature more than service Pressure &temperature | Notes |
| Note#36 | Use FOB(flat on bottom) eccentric reducers in slurry system | Notes |
| Note#35 | Use FOB(flat on bottom) eccentric reducers if there is drain in the same line | Notes |
| Note#34 | Use FOT(flat on top) eccentric reducers in pump suction line to avoid accumulation of gas … | Notes |
| Note#33 | Use eccentric reducers are for slurry systems and where it is imperative to totally drain … | Notes |
| Note#32 | Expansion joint used to absorb thermal expansion if the use of expansion loops is undesirable … | Notes |
| Note#31 | Valve selection according to (pressure drop, seat leakage, fluid properties, system leakage, actuation requirements, initial … | Notes |
| Note#30 | Stop valve=Isolation valve=Division valve & can be (gate, globe, ball, butterfly, plug & diaphragm) | Notes |
| Note#29 | Types of expansion joints (slip, ball, metal bellows & rubber bellows) | Notes |
| Note#28 | Types of strainers (conical start up, WYE, basket) | Notes |
| Note#27 | Types of steam traps (float, thermostatic, thermodynamic, inverted bucket) | Notes |
| Note#26 | Steam trap used to discharge condensate from steam piping | Notes |
| Note#25 | FCC the most tight structure | Notes |
| Note#24 | FCC more ductile than BCC | Notes |
| Note#23 | Crystal structures in metal alloys (FCC, BCC & HCP) | Notes |
| Note#22 | Piping material selection according to (flow medium, operating condition, life time, fabrication & most economical) | Notes |
| Note#21 | Insulating flange kits include gasket, sleeve & washer are provided to prevent galvanic corrosion between … | Notes |
| Note#20 | Stainless steel pipe to be isolated from steel supports by red rubber tape or stainless … | Notes |
| Note#19 | Allowable stresses. B31.1 allowable are lower than B31.3 because b31.3 plants generally have a plant … | Notes |
| Note#18 | Put temporary gasket @ terminal points only | Notes |
| Note#17 | Always separate stainless steel piping & carbon steel piping in the storing | Notes |
| Note#16 | Pipe thickness more than 8mm welded 2 pass GTAW (root + hot) then SMAW | Notes |
| Note#15 | Pipe thickness less or equal 8mm welded full GTAW | Notes |
| Note#14 | Painting welded joints not affected hydro-test | Notes |
| Note#13 | For chemical anchor bolts M16–> use drill bit 18mm –> hole depth +13mm & M20–> … | Notes |
| Note#12 | 1 inch steel wire = 10 ton load (decrease 25% for safety) | Notes |
| Note#11 | Pneumatic test pressure= 1.1 design pressure according to ASME (B31.1& B31.3) | Notes |
| Note#10 | Hydro-test test pressure= 1.5 design pressure according to (ASME B31.1 & B31.3) | Notes |
| Note#9 | (PQR)procedure qualifications record: suggested procedure of welding which reflected in WPS if accepted | Notes |
| Note#8 | To calculate stud bolt size (flange thickness+ 1.5bolt dia.)2 + gasket thickness | Notes |
| Note#7 | The gap for socket weld 1.5mm to 3mm | Notes |
| Note#6 | Welding equipment require from 33A to 63A | Notes |
| Note#5 | The welding for stainless steel piping require purging by inert gas | Notes |
| Note#4 | Stainless steel pipe bundle always 6m for any size | Notes |
| Note#3 | Raised face flanges require ring gasket or spiral wound | Notes |
| Note#2 | Flat face flanges require full face gasket | Notes |
| Note#1 | Usually large bore piping for sizes ≥ 2.5″, small bore piping for sizes ≤ 2″ | Notes |
