Water Hammer Pressure Increase
Maximum Theoretical Pressure Rise (Joukowsky Equation)
ΔP = ρ × a × Δv Where:
- ΔP = pressure increase (in Pascal or bar)
- ρ = fluid density (≈1000 kg/m³ for water)
- a = wave speed in the pipe (typically 1000–1400 m/s depending on pipe material and thickness)
- Δv = sudden change in velocity (m/s)